News & Insight
Recent news & insight
November 12, 2024
Dobrowolne umorzenie udziałów w spółce z o.o.
Umorzenie udziałów jest instytucją prawa handlowego uregulowaną w art. 199 KSH. Polega ona na unicestwieniu, czyli zniesieniu lub wygaśnięciu...
Read more
November 04, 2024
Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors
ESG factors have become critical elements that business must address to remain competitive and legally compliant. ESG, as a concept have existed...
Read more
October 31, 2024
WEBINAR: How to establish a Polish limited company?...
About the webinar Are you planning to expand your business to Poland? Starting a limited liability company in Poland offers excellent...
Read more
October 29, 2024
How the death of a shareholder affects the shareholding...
The death of any shareholder in a Polish limited company can potentially disrupt the running of the business, by creating uncertainty and raising...
Read more
October 28, 2024
Śmierć jednego ze wspólników w spółce z ograniczoną...
Brak odpowiedniej regulacji w zakresie zasad zbywania udziałów w spółce z o.o. może sprawić, że wspólnikiem w spółce z o.o. w pewnej...
Read more
October 21, 2024
W&I insurance in M&A transactions
Warranty & Indemnity (W&I) insurance has increased in popularity in recent years, especially in private merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions....
Read more
October 17, 2024
How to protect your business in a changing world of...
In today’s rapidly changing world, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors are no longer just buzzwords but have become critical...
Read more
October 15, 2024
Are your company’s articles suitable for your Polish...
Most limited companies in Poland are set up using the standard Articles of Association, which are based on the provisions of the Commercial Companies...
Read more
October 08, 2024
Polish Certificate of Inheritance – what is it and...
Polish banks, land registries, commercial registers and other institutions generally do not recognize a foreign grant of probate or foreign letters...
Read more
October 04, 2024
Akt poświadczenia dziedziczenia – co to jest i w...
Akt poświadczenia dziedziczenia to dokument notarialny, który zastępuje żmudną procedurę sądową zmierzającą do stwierdzenia nabycia...
Read more
September 16, 2024
IBA annual conference 2024
From 15 to 20 September 2024, the International Bar Association (IBA) will host its Annual Conference in Mexico City, attracting thousands of...
Read more
September 10, 2024
Choosing the right business structure in Poland
Whether you are an established multinational company, a small business owner or launching a startup, there are numerous benefits to owning a...
Read more
September 04, 2024
Starting a company in Poland
Not only is Poland a great place to live — it is also an amazing place to own a business. A company in Poland is a good solution for foreign...
Read more
September 02, 2024
Steps you should take to receive an inheritance in...
In Poland, an inheritance is when assets, property or money are transferred from a deceased person to a beneficiary. Beneficiaries are often...
Read more
August 30, 2024
What can employers do to avoid unfair dismissal claims?...
Terminating an employee can be a complex matter that carries a risk of an unfair dismissal claim against the employer, no matter how careful...
Read more
August 27, 2024
Woźniak Legal will be attending IBA Annual Conference...
Grzegorz Woźniak, the managing partner of Woźniak Legal, will be attending this year's IBA Annual Conference in Mexico City. The conference...
Read more
August 26, 2024
The rise of criminal liability in the corporate sphere...
Corporate criminal liability laws in Europe are evolving quickly and prosecutors and regulators across Europe are focusing increasingly on corporate...
Read more
August 12, 2024
Receiving an inheritance in Poland
In Poland, an inheritance is when assets, property or money are transferred from a deceased person to a beneficiary. Beneficiaries are often...
Read more
August 01, 2024
Ochrona sygnalistów w Polsce – procedura zgłaszania...
Ustawa o ochronie sygnalistów wejdzie w życie w dniu 25 września 2024 r. i obejmie wszystkie podmioty prawne zatrudniające powyżej 50 osób....
Read more
July 08, 2024
Whistleblower protection in Poland
The Polish Law on Protection of Whistleblowers, after being signed by President Andrzej Duda on 19 June 2024, will enter into force on 25 September...
Read more
June 26, 2024
Locked box accounts v completion accounts
When buying or selling a company, finalising the purchase price is key: buyers and sellers focus on the total price, which is often referred...
Read more
June 21, 2024
Woźniak Legal attended the ThoughtLeaders4 FIRE |...
Grzegorz E. Woźniak was speaking this week on 'Best practice approaches to international recognition & enforcement of post judgements' with...
Read more
June 12, 2024
Who has the burden of proof in civil cases?
“Actori incumbit probatio” is a Latin legal maxim that means “the burden of proof lies with the plaintiff.” This principle is an important...
Read more
May 29, 2024
Pozbawienie prawa do zachowku w polskim prawie spadkowym...
Polskie prawo przewiduje dwie instytucje, które pozbawiają osoby najbliższe prawa do zachowku. Po pierwsze, może to uczynić sam...
Read more
- Dobrowolne umorzenie udziałów w spółce z o.o.
- Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors
- WEBINAR: How to establish a Polish limited company?
- How the death of a shareholder affects the shareholding structure?
- Śmierć jednego ze wspólników w spółce z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością, a jego udziały w spółce
- W&I insurance in M&A transactions
- How to protect your business in a changing world of ESG?
- Are your company’s articles suitable for your Polish business?
- Polish Certificate of Inheritance – what is it and how it can be obtained?
- Akt poświadczenia dziedziczenia – co to jest i w jakiej sytuacji może być sporządzony?
- IBA annual conference 2024
- Choosing the right business structure in Poland
- Starting a company in Poland
- Steps you should take to receive an inheritance in Poland
- What can employers do to avoid unfair dismissal claims?
- Woźniak Legal will be attending IBA Annual Conference 2024 in Mexico City
- The rise of criminal liability in the corporate sphere
- Receiving an inheritance in Poland
- Ochrona sygnalistów w Polsce – procedura zgłaszania naruszeń i inne obowiązki
- Whistleblower protection in Poland
- Locked box accounts v completion accounts
- Woźniak Legal attended the ThoughtLeaders4 FIRE | TL4FIRE CI & IOM conference in Jersey on 18-19 June 2024
- Who has the burden of proof in civil cases?
- Pozbawienie prawa do zachowku w polskim prawie spadkowym
- Woźniak Legal has successfully represented Polish FX mortgage borrower in another case regarding Swiss franc loans
- Polish inheritance law and succession procedure
- Commercial Court in Warsaw orders Google to stop favouring its own price-comparison service in search results
- Succession in Poland: what is the decision on the acquisition of inheritance and how to get it?
- New guidelines on penalties for competition law infringements issued by the Polish Antimonopoly Authority (UOKiK)
- Competition law in Poland: businesses should be aware about new guidelines on penalties for competition law infringements
- How to choose the right business structure in Poland
- Woźniak Legal recognized in The Legal 500 EMEA 2024
- Fundacja rodzinna jako zabezpieczenie sukcesji
- Woźniak Legal attended the 18th edition of the C5 Fraud and Asset Recovery conference in Geneva on 14-15 March 2024
- C5 Fraud, Asset Tracing & Recovery conference is taking place in Geneva on 14 and 15 March 2024
- Gathering the right evidence - the key to successful fraud litigation in Poland
- Asset recovery in civil fraud claims in Poland: pre-action considerations
- How to write a termination letter
- What are the pros and cons of mergers and acquisitions?
- What is a transfer of business as a going concern?
- Sprzedaż przedsiębiorstwa – aspekty prawne i praktyczne
- Fundacja w prawie polskim: kto i w jaki sposób ustanawia fundację?
- How long does it take in Poland to receive inheritance from a Will?
- Oświadczenia i zapewnienia sprzedającego w transakcjach M&A
- Investing in Poland: things you need to know to make a good decision
- Fundacja w prawie polskim: co daje fundacji posiadanie statusu organizacji pożytku publicznego?
- Significant amendments to the Law on Formation of the Agricultural System in Poland
- Ważne zmiany kodeksu spółek handlowych dotyczące reorganizacji spółek
- Tips for clients expecting dawn raids in Poland
- How to prevent adverse possession in Poland
- Competition law is not only a concern for big companies - what did change in Poland on 20 May 2023?
- Benefits of hiring external counsel to handle the antimonopoly issues in Poland
- Transfer danych do USA łatwiejszy na mocy decyzji Komisji Europejskiej
- Choosing the right business structure in Poland
- Ważne zmiany do kodeksu postępowania cywilnego
- Zabezpieczenie roszczeń w sprawach kredytów „frankowych”
- Nowe polskie rozporządzenie wertykalne już obowiązuje
- Obtaining a freezing injunction in Poland under the revised civil procedure rules – what has changed on 1 July 2023?
- Jak uzyskać zabezpieczenie roszczenia po zmianie przepisów, która weszła w życie 1 lipca 2023 r?
- Changes to the competition law in Poland – implementation of ECN+ directive
- Zmiany w ustawie o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów - implementacja dyrektywy ECN+
- Further amendments to the Labour Code – implementation of EU directives
- How to start a business in Poland
- Remote work 2.0 in Poland
- Why has Poland become such an attractive place to invest?
- Woźniak Legal attends Fraud, Asset Tracing and Recovery conference in Geneva on 16-17 March 2023
- Woźniak Legal has successfully represented Polish FX mortgage borrower
- Amendment to Labour Code concerning remote work and sobriety checks of employees
- Doing business in Poland: how to set up a private limited company
- Jak uzyskać zabezpieczenie roszczenia?
- How to obtain a freezing injunction in Poland?
- What is adverse possession in Poland?
- Huge victory for Woźniak Legal as the Court of Appeal dismissed the adverse possession claim
- Ważne orzeczenie Sądu Okręgowego w Lublinie dotyczące zasiedzenia udziału w nieruchomości budynkowej
- How does the property inheritance work in Poland and what needs to be done to transfer the property?
- The Digital Services Act regulation entered into force on 16 November 2022
- Woźniak Legal attends annual IBA 2022 conference in Miami
- Woźniak Legal is pleased to announce the promotion of Grzegorz Dudek to Partner. The promotion takes effect from 1 November 2022.
- IBA 2022 Miami – 30 Oct - 4 Nov
- W jaki sposób nowe rozporządzenie Komisji (UE) dotyczące porozumień wertykalnych wpłynie na zgodność działania przedsiębiorców z regułami konkurencji?
- Woźniak Legal attending IBA Annual Conference 2022 in Miami
- Woźniak Legal celebrates 15 years in business
- The best defense is a good offense – is this true in litigation?
- How to handle the inheritance of assets in Poland under the UK will or the US will?
- How to handle an inheritance in Poland
- We’ve Reached 1,500+ LinkedIn followers! - Woźniak Legal
- Likwidacja spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością
- How to execute documents in Poland?
- Docelowe podwyższenie kapitału zakładowego w spółce akcyjnej
- M&A transactions in Poland
- Prawo konkurencji dotyczy nie tylko dużych firm
- Competition law is not only a concern for big companies
- How to employ someone in Poland by a UK employer?
- Zmiany do kodeksu spółek handlowych
- Significant changes to the Polish Commercial Companies Code
- Woźniak Legal offers a lot more than traditional law firm services
- How to buy the business from a Polish owner – a sale and purchase agreement
- Contractual ban on selling the shares under Polish law
- How to buy the business from a Polish owner - steps for buying
- How to confirm the acquisition of inheritance in Poland
- The ABC of serious due diligence: assume nothing, believe nobody and check everything
- What does a UK company need to hire employees in Poland?
- Due diligence challenges in a remote world
- Najważniejsze zmiany, które czekają pracodawców w 2022 r.
- High-stakes litigation: how to improve your chances of winning the lawsuit
- How to purchase real estate in Poland
- “Assume nothing” and other critical steps of a successful due diligence
- General Data Protection Regulation: new rules on transferring personal data to recipients in countries outside the EU
- Why is Poland’s economy emerging so strongly from the pandemic?
- Co to jest “przedsiębiorstwo w spadku“ i dlaczego warto przyjrzeć się tej regulacji?
- Why GDPR has become a crucial Issue in the deal process
- Ważne zmiany w procedurze cywilnej
- Selling your business (2) – employees’ rights in case of the asset deal
- We’ve reached 1,000+ LinkedIn followers! - Woźniak Legal
- Huge victory for Woźniak Legal as the adverse possession claim is dismissed
- Woźniak Legal wygrywa w sporze o odpowiedzialność członka zarządu sp. z o.o.
- Huge victory for Woźniak Legal as former CEO in a Polish limited liability company is released from personal liability
- Woźniak Legal impresses in Legal 500 ranking
- Selling your business (1) – letter of intent, due diligence and the SPA
- Sukcesja firmy rodzinnej – kto odziedziczy firmę?
- What questions should you ask your lawyer at the start of a dispute?
- Why making a will is important in Poland
- How inheritance works in Poland
- How to employ people in Poland by a UK Company?
- What does it take for a UK company to employ people in Poland?
- Real estate opportunities in Poland during the pandemic
- How to get Polish citizenship
- EU – UK : Personal Data Protection in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement
- Do companies have to comply with the European rules on the GDPR while doing business in Poland?
- Enforcement of judgments after Brexit
- Arbitration: a solution to the problem of enforcement in the post-Brexit world?
- Cross-border dispute resolution after Brexit
- Klauzula rebus sic stantibus, czyli nadzwyczajna zmiana stosunków
- New restrictions on return of premises in Warsaw to former owners
- Woźniak Legal advises Allen & Overy Poland on its new premises in Warsaw
- Woźniak Legal acted in the sale of Chałubińskiego 8 office building in Warsaw
- Foreign investors from outside the OECD will face restrictions in investing in Poland
- Draconian fines for companies not registering the beneficial owner by 13 July 2020
- Kontrola nabywania spółek w Polsce przez podmioty spoza UE
- Non-EU firms will face restrictions in purchasing more than 20% of shares in Polish firms
- Paris and Amsterdam aim to become Europe’s top arbitration centers in post-Brexit world
- The Three Seas Initiative – the most important geopolitical project of our time
- 10 things everyone should know before investing in Poland
- Czy niezłożenie wniosku o upadłość spółki w terminie jest przestępstwem?
- Sąd Najwyższy za unieważnieniem umowy kredytu frankowego
- I compiti dei membri del consiglio di amministrazione (amministratori) durante Covid-19: quali azioni dovrebbero intraprendere ora i amministratori?
- Czy wniosek o restrukturyzację zablokuje pomoc?
- Directors' duties during Covid-19 - what steps should directors be taking now?
- Obowiązki członków zarządu w czasie epidemii Covid-19
- Czy członek zarządu spółki z o.o. odpowiada majątkiem osobistym za długi spółki?
- Can director in a Polish company be held personally liable for company debts?
- COVID-19: Polska przyjęła Tarczę Antykryzysową mającą na celu ochronę przedsiębiorców
- Dlaczego Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie uznał umowę kredytu hipotecznego za nieważną – wnioski płynące z pisemnego uzasadnienia wyroku w sprawie państwa Dziubaków z dnia 3 stycznia 2020 r.
- Siła wyższa a wykonanie umowy
- COVID-19: Polonia Lanza Un Escudo Anticrisis De Medidas Que Protegen A Las Empresas
- COVID-19: Poland launches anti-crisis shield of measures protecting businesses
- Dispute resolution after Brexit
- Cómo Llevar a Cabo Una Debida Diligencia Exitosa
- Poland launches economic package to counter virus effect
- ¿Qué Debo Considerar Antes de Invertir en Polonia?
- Can directors be held personally liable for company debts in Poland
- What should I consider before investing in Poland
- Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie uznaje umowę kredytu frankowego za nieważną
- A penalty of PLN 120 m imposed on VW Group Polska
- Central Register of Beneficial Owners is on the horizon
- How to carry out a successful due diligence
- Do you know your beneficial owner? You better do
- English Law Day 2019 in Warsaw was a great success
- Woźniak Legal attends the 2019 Law Society Excellence Awards
- Think ahead and set up a plan of action before you start legal proceedings
- Woźniak Legal attends The Law Society Excellence awards ceremony in London
- English Law Day 2019 in Warsaw: the first edition
- Woźniak Legal attends the Annual IBA Conference in Seoul
- What’s on the horizon in employment law
- Meet us in Seoul at the Annual IBA Conference 2019
- What does it mean if my claim is time-barred
- What should I consider before suing someone
- Changes to the rules of civil procedure in Poland
- Limited liability company issues
- Choice of business structure
- Succession planning involves more than making a will
- Woźniak Legal shortlisted for the prestigious Excellence Awards
- How to protect your business in the age of compliance?
- Chambers HNW Guide 2019: Woźniak Legal recognised as “the centre of excellence” with “very good legal service"
- Woźniak Legal ranked Band 2 in Chambers and Partners' HNW Guide
- Second Polish-British Business Trade Investment Forum takes place in Warsaw
- When is a director personally liable?
- Three Seas Initiative Summit in Slovenia
- The Anglo-Polish Law Association is launched
- The inaugural meeting of APLA in London on 4 June 2019
- Groundbreaking changes in the corporate criminal liability in Poland
- Woźniak Legal attends the IBA Annual Litigation Forum in Berlin
- How to employ people in Poland by a foreign company?
- Head of strategic relationships at The Law Society of England & Wales to attend the inaugural meeting of APLA in London
- Woźniak Legal acclaimed as Top Tier law firm in Poland
- We are NEW CIRCLE and we are representing one of the best and the most extraordinary legal networks in the world!
- How corporates should prepare to defend themselves against corporate criminal liability
- Act on criminal liability of companies to be passed by the Polish parliament – comments from a litigation lawyer
- Mandatory disclosure rules in Poland (effective from 1 January 2019)
- Important changes to the operating principles of a Polish limited liability company and joint stock company (effective from 1st March 2019)
- Act on criminal liability of companies will give rise to potential serious criminal liability for company
- 2018 – Woźniak Legal’s ground breaking work over the last twelve months is a game changer
- Surround yourself with successful people - success breeds success
- XII Annual IBA Law Firm Management Conference in Moscow
- Woźniak Legal helps NGOs and Social Enterprises in a legal workshop organised by Thomson Reuters Foundation
- How to conduct an internal antitrust audit
- Thinking of buying your competitor? Do your due diligence first
- What should you consider before suing someone?
- Woźniak Legal gets highly commended by the Law Society for international legal services
- Poland’s credit rating raised to A- from BBB+ by Standard&Poor’s
- What does it mean if your claim is time-barred?
- IBA annual conference in Rome
- Spotkanie z hiszpańskimi adwokatami
- Bigger is not necessarily better (in a world of legal networks)
- Poland has everything to gain by participating in the Three Seas Initiative
- Excellence in international legal services to be awarded soon by The Law Society in London
- From Warsaw to Bucharest
- Injunctions are an important part about the company litigation
- Woźniak Legal shortlisted for prestigious legal awards
- A forgotten hero: Polish consul in Bern saved hundreds of Jews from the Holocaust
- Leaders of Japan and EU signed a deal to create one of the World’s largest liberalised trade areas
- Woźniak Legal ranked Band 2 in Chambers and Partners' HNW Guide
- Joint Israeli-Polish declaration on the Holocaust
- Discussion on i24NEWS TV about the joint Polish-Israeli Holocaust declaration
- Despite political upheaval, Poland’s economy is on the rise
- Expert advice on choosing the right business structure
- Are directors liable for the company’s debts in case the company does not pay?
- How are injunctions used in bet-the-farm litigation?
- What is the first thing a company should do if threatened by a high-stakes lawsuit?
- Controversy around JUST Act – TV interview
- What sets us apart from other trial lawyers in Poland?
- Woźniak Legal launches a full-service dispute resolution practice
- 3 steps to ensure GDPR compliance
- The number one private client law firm for the third time in a row
- Expert advice on choosing the right business structure
- Our lawyers are now on ChambersConnect
- Recent CJEU judgement signals the end of BIT arbitration between EU Member States
- How to set up a company in Poland
- Is your business GDPR ready?
- Liability of directors in a Polish limited liability company (Sp. z o.o.)
- The number one law firm in Poland for Private Client
- Golden age of the Polish property market – a seminar on investing in Poland held in London
- Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) act of 2017 is being passed by The U.S. Congress
- ‘Investing in Poland and transferring UK Business to Poland (a Polish and British perspective)’: seminar in London, 25 January 2018
- 2018 will be a decisive year for the Baltic Pipe project
- How to choose the right business structure for your Polish investment?
- Do you need a family office?
- ChambersConnect: the new reality of client-lawyer relations by Chambers
- Looking back at 2017; it was a really successful year
- Is the wider implementation of equal pay to posted workers a good step?
- Czy jednolita płaca dla wszystkich pracowników delegowanych to dobry krok?
- Employee privacy and employee confidentiality
- My vision for a bold, thriving Poland
- Grzegorz Woźniak and Grzegorz Dudek among the World's Leading High Net Worth advisors in 2017
- The Polish economy grew 4.9% in the third quarter according to the Central Statistical Office of Poland
- In may 2018 GDPR will start to apply across the EU
- The GDPR and "spying" technologies
- Who should manage GDPR compliance?
- Woźniak Legal attended the Law Society’s celebrating Excellence Awards
- Draft law on restitution of property in Poland
- Woźniak Legal's private client practice mentioned by one of the leading Polish websites for the legal profession
- Poland recognised as one of the best countries to invest in by FTSE Russell
- Woźniak Legal Band 1 according to Chambers High Net Worth Guide 2017
- Woźniak Legal’s private wealth practice has been recommended by the Chambers and Partners
- ‘Doing legal business in the Visegrád Group’: Law Society’s seminar
- Why does whistleblowing occur in practice so rarely?
- Is the Three Seas Initiative a good thing?
- Woźniak Legal shortlisted for the Law Society Excellence Awards 2017
- Historic chance for Poland
- ‘Doing legal business in the Visegrád Group’: Law Society’s seminar, London 5th September 2017
- The story of Ron Balamuth and his town house in Wadowice
- ‘Doing legal business in the Visegrád Group’ seminar to be held by the Law Society on 5th September 2017 in London
- The principle of ‘adverse inferences’ in international arbitration: is Cour d’Appel paving the way for civil law jurisdictions?
- How do I reclaim my property in Poland? Four ways to help you uncover your predecessors’ confiscated property
- International conference entitled “The Confiscation of Property in Poland and Efforts at Restitution”
- It’s now easier to enforce a foreign freezing injunction in Poland
- Warsaw – a city which has been stolen?
- Property division when a de facto relationship breaks down is harder than that of an ordinary marriage
- Gun-jumping – what does it mean and how does it threaten M&A transactions?
- Which debts of the deceased may be inherited by the heirs according to Polish intestacy rules?
- Is cyber security one of the biggest security threats the world faces right now?
- Jessup Poland & 2. Global Law Conference in Warsaw
- Where is my factory?
- A blow against the idea of reprivatization
- First priority in 2017: COMPLIANCE. Why be concerned about compliance?
- ECHR: No right to divorce
- New remedies for individuals under the new EU General Data Protection Regulation
- Zmiany w prawie ochrony danych osobowych - ogólne rozporządzenie o ochronie danych osobowych (RODO)
- Testament – for the chosen few or for everyone?
- New insolvency law in Poland
- Combined sale of a computer equipped with pre-installed software gets all clear
- How to terminate a fixed-term tenancy earlier?
- (2) The window of opportunity to pursue a restitution claim in Warsaw will not last forever; it expires on 17 March 2017
- (1) The window of opportunity for pursuing a restitution claim in Warsaw won’t last forever; it expires on 17 March 2017
- Let me raise a question: is the global legal market going to soon be dominated by around 20 mega-firms?
- Antitrust audit as part of an effective compliance program
- Despite reprivatization scandal in Warsaw, a ‘window of opportunity’ for recovering the property remains open
- New legislation on Warsaw properties
- How to prepare a condominium to sue the developer
- Important amendment for restitution claims in Warsaw
- Things to do in Warsaw when you are going to recover your grandfather’s property confiscated in 1945 by the communists
- Rising popularity of Polish residence permits for foreign investors
- ‘Dieselgate’: overwhelming U.S. settlement achieved. What about Europe?
- Death and taxes: how to overcome certain uncertainties in cross-border succession with a well-drafted will
- Set-off: an obstacle in enforcement of arbitral awards
- The Private Client category on the rise
- Poland takes a new direction
- The Panama Papers – can lawyers still be trusted?
- Woźniak Legal ranked Tier 1 for Private Client
- International cooperation in solving antitrust issues
- The age of antitrust litigation in Europe has arrived
- Expert advice on carrying out internal antitrust audits
- Global Law Conference on cyber security and the future of the legal profession
- Law on property restitution in Poland is urgently needed; 70 years after Bierut's Decree of 1945 the time is high